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क्रियात्मक समूह

विकिपीडिया से
बेंजिल एसिटेट में इस्टर प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (केसरिया घेरा में) है।

कार्बनिक रसायन में, कवनो अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुन् या बन्धन् कय अइसन विशिष्ट समूह जवन उ कार्बनिक यौगिक कय रासायनिक गुणन् कय निर्धारण करत अहै,ओका प्रकार्यात्मक समूह या क्रियात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहत हैं ।

प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहन् कय सुची

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Alkane Alkyl R(CH2)nH Alkyl alkyl- -ane methane
Ethane
Alkene Alkenyl R2C=CR2 Alkene alkenyl- -ene ethylene
Ethylene
(Ethene)
Alkyne Alkynyl RC≡CR' Alkyne alkynyl- -yne acetylene
Acetylene
(Ethyne)
Benzene derivative Phenyl RC6H5
RPh
Phenyl phenyl- -benzene Cumene
Cumene
(2-phenylpropane)
Toluene derivative Benzyl RCH2C6H5
RBn
Benzyl benzyl- 1-(substituent)toluene Benzyl bromide
Benzyl bromide
(α-Bromotoluene)

हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
haloalkane halo RX Halide group halo- alkyl halide Chloroethane
Chloroethane
(Ethyl chloride)
fluoroalkane fluoro RF Fluoro group fluoro- alkyl fluoride Fluoromethane
Fluoromethane
(Methyl fluoride)
chloroalkane chloro RCl Chloro group chloro- alkyl chloride Chloromethane
Chloromethane
(Methyl chloride)
bromoalkane bromo RBr Bromo group bromo- alkyl bromide Bromomethane
Bromomethane
(Methyl bromide)
iodoalkane iodo RI Iodo group iodo- alkyl iodide Iodomethane
Iodomethane
(Methyl iodide)

आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Alcohol Hydroxyl ROH Hydroxyl hydroxy- -ol methanol
Methanol
Ketone Carbonyl RCOR' Ketone -oyl- (-COR')
or
oxo- (=O)
-one Butanone
Butanone
(Methyl ethyl ketone)
Aldehyde Aldehyde RCHO Aldehyde formyl- (-COH)
or
oxo- (=O)
-al acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
(Ethanal)
Acyl halide Haloformyl RCOX Acyl halide carbonofluoridoyl-
carbonochloridoyl-
carbonobromidoyl-
carbonoiodidoyl-
-oyl halide Acetyl chloride
Acetyl chloride
(Ethanoyl chloride)
Carbonate Carbonate estere ROCOOR Carbonate (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- alkyl carbonate triphosgene
Triphosgene
(bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate)
Carboxylate Carboxylate RCOO Carboxylate

Carboxylate

carboxy- -oate Sodium acetate
Sodium acetate
(Sodium ethanoate)
Carboxylic acid Carboxyl RCOOH Carboxylic acid carboxy- -oic acid Acetic acid
Acetic acid
(Ethanoic acid)
Ester Ester RCOOR' Ester alkanoyloxy-
or
alkoxycarbonyl
alkyl alkanoate Ethyl butyrate
Ethyl butyrate
(Ethyl butanoate)
Methoxy Methoxy ROCH3 Methoxy methoxy-
Hydroperoxide Hydroperoxy ROOH Hydroperoxy hydroperoxy- alkyl hydroperoxide tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
Peroxide Peroxy ROOR Peroxy peroxy- alkyl peroxide Di-tert-butyl peroxide
Di-tert-butyl peroxide
Ether Ether ROR' Ether alkoxy- alkyl ether Diethyl ether
Diethyl ether
(Ethoxyethane)
Hemiacetal Hemiacetal RCH(OR')(OH) Hemiacetal alkoxy -ol -al alkyl hemiacetal
Hemiketal Hemiketal RC(ORʺ)(OH)R' Hemiketal alkoxy -ol -one alkyl hemiketal
Acetal Acetal RCH(OR')(OR") Acetal dialkoxy- -al dialkyl acetal
Ketal (or Acetal) Ketal (or Acetal) RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R' Ketal dialkoxy- -one dialkyl ketal
Orthoester Orthoester RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴) Orthoester trialkoxy-
Heterocycle Methylenedioxy PhOCOPh Methylenedioxy chemical structure. methylenedioxy- -dioxole
1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene
(1,3-Benzodioxole)
Orthocarbonate ester Orthocarbonate ester C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″) tetralkoxy- tetraalkyl orthocarbonate

नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Amide Carboxamide RCONR2 Amide carboxamido-
or
carbamoyl-
-amide acetamide
Acetamide
(Ethanamide)
Amines Primary amine RNH2 Primary amine amino- -amine methylamine
Methylamine
(Methanamine)
Secondary amine R2NH Secondary amine amino- -amine dimethylamine
Dimethylamine
Tertiary amine R3N Tertiary amine amino- -amine trimethylamine
Trimethylamine
4° ammonium ion R4N+ Quaternary ammonium cation ammonio- -ammonium choline
Choline
Imine Primary ketimine RC(=NH)R' Imine imino- -imine
Secondary ketimine RC(=NR)R' Imine imino- -imine
Primary aldimine RC(=NH)H Imine imino- -imine Ethanimine
Ethanimine
Secondary aldimine RC(=NR')H Imine imino- -imine
Imide Imide (RCO)2NR' Imide imido- -imide Succinimide
Succinimide
(Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione)
Azide Azide RN3 Organoazide azido- alkyl azide Phenyl azide
Phenyl azide
(Azidobenzene)
Azo compound Azo
(Diimide)
RN2R' Azo.pngl azo- -diazene Methyl orange
Methyl orange
(p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid)
Cyanates Cyanate ROCN Cyanate cyanato- alkyl cyanate Methyl cyanate
Methyl cyanate
Isocyanate RNCO Isocyanate isocyanato- alkyl isocyanate Methyl isocyanate
Methyl isocyanate
Nitrate Nitrate RONO2 Nitrate nitrooxy-, nitroxy-

alkyl nitrate

Amyl nitrate
Amyl nitrate
(1-nitrooxypentane)
Nitrile Nitrile RCN Nitrile cyano- alkanenitrile
alkyl cyanide
Benzonitrile
Benzonitrile
(Phenyl cyanide)
Isonitrile RNC Isocyanide isocyano- alkaneisonitrile
alkyl isocyanide
Methyl isocyanide
Methyl isocyanide
Nitrite Nitrosooxy RONO Nitrite nitrosooxy-

alkyl nitrite

Amyl nitrite
Isoamyl nitrite
(3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane)
Nitro compound Nitro RNO2 Nitro nitro-   Nitromethane
Nitromethane
Nitroso compound Nitroso RNO Nitroso nitroso- (Nitrosyl-)   Nitrosobenzene
Nitrosobenzene
Pyridine derivative Pyridyl RC5H4N

4-pyridyl group
3-pyridyl group
2-pyridyl group

4-pyridyl
(pyridin-4-yl)

3-pyridyl
(pyridin-3-yl)

2-pyridyl
(pyridin-2-yl)

-pyridine Nicotine
Nicotine

गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Thiol Sulfhydryl RSH Sulfhydryl sulfanyl-
(-SH)
-thiol Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Sulfide
(Thioether)
Sulfide RSR' Sulfide group substituent sulfanyl-
(-SR')
di(substituentsulfide
Dimethyl sulfide

(Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfide (suffix)
Disulfide Disulfide RSSR' Disulfide substituent disulfanyl-
(-SSR')
di(substituentdisulfide
Dimethyl disulfide

(Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl disulfide (suffix)
Sulfoxide Sulfinyl RSOR' Sulfinyl group -sulfinyl-
(-SOR')
di(substituentsulfoxide DMSO
(Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfoxide (suffix)
Sulfone Sulfonyl RSO2R' Sulfonyl group -sulfonyl-
(-SO2R')
di(substituentsulfone Dimethyl sulfone
(Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfone (suffix)
Sulfinic acid Sulfino RSO2H sulfino-
(-SO2H)
-sulfinic acid Hypotaurine
2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid
Sulfonic acid Sulfo RSO3H Sulfonyl group sulfo-
(-SO3H)
-sulfonic acid Benzenesulfonic acid
Benzenesulfonic acid
Thiocyanate Thiocyanate RSCN Thiocyanate thiocyanato-
(-SCN)
substituent thiocyanate Phenyl thiocyanate
Phenyl thiocyanate
Isothiocyanate RNCS Isothiocyanate isothiocyanato-
(-NCS)
substituent isothiocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate
Allyl isothiocyanate
Thione Carbonothioyl RCSR' Thione -thioyl-
(-CSR')
or
sulfanylidene-
(=S)
-thione Diphenylmethanethione
Diphenylmethanethione
(Thiobenzophenone)
Thial Carbonothioyl RCSH Thial methanethioyl-
(-CSH)
or
sulfanylidene-
(=S)
-thial

फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Phosphine
(Phosphane)
Phosphino R3P A tertiary phosphine phosphanyl- -phosphane Methylpropylphosphane
Methylpropylphosphane
Phosphonic acid Phosphono RP(=O)(OH)2 Phosphono group phosphono- substituent phosphonic acid Benzylphosphonic acid
Benzylphosphonic acid
Phosphate Phosphate ROP(=O)(OH)2 Phosphate group phosphonooxy-
or
O-phosphono- (phospho-)
substituent phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix)
Phosphocholine
O-Phosphonocholine (prefix)
(Phosphocholine)
Phosphodiester Phosphate HOPO(OR)2 Phosphodiester [(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-
or
O-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]-
di(substituent) hydrogen phosphate
or
phosphoric acid di(substituentester
DNA
O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑खाँचा:Smallcaps‑serine (prefix)
(Lombricine)

बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

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रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Boronic acid Borono RB(OH)2 Borono- substituent
boronic acid
Phenylboronic acid
Phenylboronic acid
Boronic ester Boronate RB(OR)2 O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]- substituent
boronic acid
di(substituent) ester
Borinic acid Borino R2BOH Hydroxyborino- di(substituent)
borinic acid
Borinic ester Borinate R2BOR O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]- di(substituent)
borinic acid
substituent ester
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
Diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester
(2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate)