क्रियात्मक समूह

बेंजिल एसिटेट में इस्टर प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (केसरिया घेरा में) है।
कार्बनिक रसायन में, कवनो अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुन् या बन्धन् कय अइसन विशिष्ट समूह जवन उ कार्बनिक यौगिक कय रासायनिक गुणन् कय निर्धारण करत अहै,ओका प्रकार्यात्मक समूह या क्रियात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहत हैं ।
प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहन् कय सुची[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
हाइड्रोकार्बन[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkane | Alkyl | R(CH2)nH | ![]() |
alkyl- | -ane | ![]() Ethane |
Alkene | Alkenyl | R2C=CR2 | ![]() |
alkenyl- | -ene | ![]() Ethylene (Ethene) |
Alkyne | Alkynyl | RC≡CR' | ![]() |
alkynyl- | -yne | ![]() Acetylene (Ethyne) |
Benzene derivative | Phenyl | RC6H5 RPh |
![]() |
phenyl- | -benzene | ![]() Cumene (2-phenylpropane) |
Toluene derivative | Benzyl | RCH2C6H5 RBn |
![]() |
benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluene | ![]() Benzyl bromide (α-Bromotoluene) |
हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
haloalkane | halo | RX | ![]() |
halo- | alkyl halide | ![]() Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) |
fluoroalkane | fluoro | RF | ![]() |
fluoro- | alkyl fluoride | ![]() Fluoromethane (Methyl fluoride) |
chloroalkane | chloro | RCl | ![]() |
chloro- | alkyl chloride | ![]() Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) |
bromoalkane | bromo | RBr | ![]() |
bromo- | alkyl bromide | ![]() Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) |
iodoalkane | iodo | RI | ![]() |
iodo- | alkyl iodide | ![]() Iodomethane (Methyl iodide) |
आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol | Hydroxyl | ROH | ![]() |
hydroxy- | -ol | ![]() Methanol |
Ketone | Carbonyl | RCOR' | ![]() |
-oyl- (-COR') or oxo- (=O) |
-one | ![]() Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) |
Aldehyde | Aldehyde | RCHO | ![]() |
formyl- (-COH) or oxo- (=O) |
-al | ![]() Acetaldehyde (Ethanal) |
Acyl halide | Haloformyl | RCOX | ![]() |
carbonofluoridoyl- carbonochloridoyl- carbonobromidoyl- carbonoiodidoyl- |
-oyl halide | ![]() Acetyl chloride (Ethanoyl chloride) |
Carbonate | Carbonate estere | ROCOOR | ![]() |
(alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- | alkyl carbonate | ![]() Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate) |
Carboxylate | Carboxylate | RCOO− | ![]() |
carboxy- | -oate | ![]() Sodium acetate (Sodium ethanoate) |
Carboxylic acid | Carboxyl | RCOOH | ![]() |
carboxy- | -oic acid | ![]() Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid) |
Ester | Ester | RCOOR' | ![]() |
alkanoyloxy- or alkoxycarbonyl |
alkyl alkanoate | ![]() Ethyl butyrate (Ethyl butanoate) |
Methoxy | Methoxy | ROCH3 | ![]() |
methoxy- | ||
Hydroperoxide | Hydroperoxy | ROOH | ![]() |
hydroperoxy- | alkyl hydroperoxide | ![]() tert-Butyl hydroperoxide |
Peroxide | Peroxy | ROOR | ![]() |
peroxy- | alkyl peroxide | ![]() Di-tert-butyl peroxide |
Ether | Ether | ROR' | ![]() |
alkoxy- | alkyl ether | ![]() Diethyl ether (Ethoxyethane) |
Hemiacetal | Hemiacetal | RCH(OR')(OH) | ![]() |
alkoxy -ol | -al alkyl hemiacetal | |
Hemiketal | Hemiketal | RC(ORʺ)(OH)R' | ![]() |
alkoxy -ol | -one alkyl hemiketal | |
Acetal | Acetal | RCH(OR')(OR") | ![]() |
dialkoxy- | -al dialkyl acetal | |
Ketal (or Acetal) | Ketal (or Acetal) | RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R' | ![]() |
dialkoxy- | -one dialkyl ketal | |
Orthoester | Orthoester | RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴) | ![]() |
trialkoxy- | ||
Heterocycle | Methylenedioxy | PhOCOPh | ![]() |
methylenedioxy- | -dioxole | ![]() 1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene (1,3-Benzodioxole) |
Orthocarbonate ester | Orthocarbonate ester | C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″) | tetralkoxy- | tetraalkyl orthocarbonate |
नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amide | Carboxamide | RCONR2 | ![]() |
carboxamido- or carbamoyl- |
-amide | ![]() Acetamide (Ethanamide) |
Amines | Primary amine | RNH2 | ![]() |
amino- | -amine | ![]() Methylamine (Methanamine) |
Secondary amine | R2NH | ![]() |
amino- | -amine | ![]() Dimethylamine | |
Tertiary amine | R3N | ![]() |
amino- | -amine | ![]() Trimethylamine | |
4° ammonium ion | R4N+ | ![]() |
ammonio- | -ammonium | ![]() Choline | |
Imine | Primary ketimine | RC(=NH)R' | ![]() |
imino- | -imine | |
Secondary ketimine | RC(=NR)R' | ![]() |
imino- | -imine | ||
Primary aldimine | RC(=NH)H | ![]() |
imino- | -imine | ![]() Ethanimine | |
Secondary aldimine | RC(=NR')H | ![]() |
imino- | -imine | ||
Imide | Imide | (RCO)2NR' | ![]() |
imido- | -imide | ![]() Succinimide (Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione) |
Azide | Azide | RN3 | ![]() |
azido- | alkyl azide | ![]() Phenyl azide (Azidobenzene) |
Azo compound | Azo (Diimide) |
RN2R' | ![]() |
azo- | -diazene | ![]() Methyl orange (p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid) |
Cyanates | Cyanate | ROCN | ![]() |
cyanato- | alkyl cyanate | ![]() Methyl cyanate |
Isocyanate | RNCO | ![]() |
isocyanato- | alkyl isocyanate | ![]() Methyl isocyanate | |
Nitrate | Nitrate | RONO2 | ![]() |
nitrooxy-, nitroxy- |
alkyl nitrate |
![]() Amyl nitrate (1-nitrooxypentane) |
Nitrile | Nitrile | RCN | ![]() |
cyano- | alkanenitrile alkyl cyanide |
![]() Benzonitrile (Phenyl cyanide) |
Isonitrile | RNC | ![]() |
isocyano- | alkaneisonitrile alkyl isocyanide |
![]() Methyl isocyanide | |
Nitrite | Nitrosooxy | RONO | ![]() |
nitrosooxy- |
alkyl nitrite |
![]() Isoamyl nitrite (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane) |
Nitro compound | Nitro | RNO2 | ![]() |
nitro- | ![]() Nitromethane | |
Nitroso compound | Nitroso | RNO | ![]() |
nitroso- (Nitrosyl-) | ![]() Nitrosobenzene | |
Pyridine derivative | Pyridyl | RC5H4N |
4-pyridyl 3-pyridyl 2-pyridyl |
-pyridine | ![]() Nicotine |
गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thiol | Sulfhydryl | RSH | ![]() |
sulfanyl- (-SH) |
-thiol | ![]() Ethanethiol |
Sulfide (Thioether) |
Sulfide | RSR' | ![]() |
substituent sulfanyl- (-SR') |
di(substituent) sulfide | ![]() (Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfide (suffix) |
Disulfide | Disulfide | RSSR' | ![]() |
substituent disulfanyl- (-SSR') |
di(substituent) disulfide | (Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl disulfide (suffix) |
Sulfoxide | Sulfinyl | RSOR' | ![]() |
-sulfinyl- (-SOR') |
di(substituent) sulfoxide | ![]() (Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (suffix) |
Sulfone | Sulfonyl | RSO2R' | ![]() |
-sulfonyl- (-SO2R') |
di(substituent) sulfone | ![]() (Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfone (suffix) |
Sulfinic acid | Sulfino | RSO2H | ![]() |
sulfino- (-SO2H) |
-sulfinic acid | ![]() 2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid |
Sulfonic acid | Sulfo | RSO3H | ![]() |
sulfo- (-SO3H) |
-sulfonic acid | ![]() Benzenesulfonic acid |
Thiocyanate | Thiocyanate | RSCN | ![]() |
thiocyanato- (-SCN) |
substituent thiocyanate | ![]() Phenyl thiocyanate |
Isothiocyanate | RNCS | ![]() |
isothiocyanato- (-NCS) |
substituent isothiocyanate | ![]() Allyl isothiocyanate | |
Thione | Carbonothioyl | RCSR' | ![]() |
-thioyl- (-CSR') or sulfanylidene- (=S) |
-thione | ![]() Diphenylmethanethione (Thiobenzophenone) |
Thial | Carbonothioyl | RCSH | ![]() |
methanethioyl- (-CSH) or sulfanylidene- (=S) |
-thial |
फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphine (Phosphane) |
Phosphino | R3P | ![]() |
phosphanyl- | -phosphane | ![]() Methylpropylphosphane |
Phosphonic acid | Phosphono | RP(=O)(OH)2 | ![]() |
phosphono- | substituent phosphonic acid | ![]() Benzylphosphonic acid |
Phosphate | Phosphate | ROP(=O)(OH)2 | ![]() |
phosphonooxy- or O-phosphono- (phospho-) |
substituent phosphate | ![]() Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix) |
![]() O-Phosphonocholine (prefix) (Phosphocholine) | ||||||
Phosphodiester | Phosphate | HOPO(OR)2 | ![]() |
[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy- or O-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]- |
di(substituent) hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid di(substituent) ester |
DNA |
O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑खाँचा:Smallcaps‑serine (prefix) (Lombricine) |
बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादित करैं]
रासायनिक वर्ग | समूह | सूत्र | संरचनात्मक सूत्र | उपसर्ग (Prefix) | प्रत्यय (Suffix) | उदाहरण |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boronic acid | Borono | RB(OH)2 | ![]() |
Borono- | substituent boronic acid |
![]() Phenylboronic acid |
Boronic ester | Boronate | RB(OR)2 | ![]() |
O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]- | substituent boronic acid di(substituent) ester |
|
Borinic acid | Borino | R2BOH | ![]() |
Hydroxyborino- | di(substituent) borinic acid |
|
Borinic ester | Borinate | R2BOR | ![]() |
O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]- | di(substituent) borinic acid substituent ester |
![]() Diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester (2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate) |